THE UNIVERSITY OF SALAMACA BY CLARA COLLADO

In medieval times several universities were founded along Europe. Some examples are Oxford in the United Kingdom, Montpellier in France and Bolonia in Italy. In Spain, the first one was The University of Salamanca.

Some history:

The University of Salamanca was created in 1130 and at first, it was a school at the Old Cathedral. Then, it turned into a real university in 1218, when the king Alfonso IX of León gave it the category of a place with “General Studies”, known in latin as “Studii Salmantini”.

Some curiosities:

-          Its main studies were in LAW (in contrast to Oxford and Montpellier, centered in Technology and Arts)
-         It was the first university to hold a PUBLIC LIBRARY (created in 1254 by the king Alfonso X The Wise)
-    -Teachers who were teaching law were BETTER PAID than the others, who were teaching Medicine, Grammar, Logics and Music.
-         The language used was LATIN, so teachers and students from other parts of Europe could come and study here (Although not many students came…)
-          It was SMALL, compared to other European universities.
-         -All the students were MALE, and mostly from the clergy.
-        -At present, it is one of the BEST universities in Spain.

This is the façade of the university Of Salamanca

About the building:

In medieval times, classes were held in the cloister of the Old Cathedral (of both, Romanesque and Gothic styles, but mainly Romanic), also in some houses rented to the church (The “Cabildo”) and at the Saint Benito’s Church (Catholic Church of Gothic style).

Much later, in the 15^th century Saint Bartholomew’s Residence was built, and it began to be considered the first university building created just for teaching purposes.

Did you know?:

In Castilla-La Mancha there was also a Medieval University: The University of Sigüenza.  It was created in medieval times, but only as a minor school depending on the cathedral. It wasn’t considered as a real university until 1489, but its origins were established at the same time of the other important universities. Well, at least it is something…

This is the inside of the building.

Romanesque Art

ROMANESQUE ART

The Romanesque art was an artistic style in Europe from 10th to 13th Centuries.

I'm going to talk you about the churches.The floor plan was in the shape of a latun cross and usually there are two bell towers.The most important parts of a church were the central nave, the bell towers, the transepts, the crossing, the apse and the ambulatory.

In the photo you can see a romanesque church.

By Azucena Montalvo    2ºB

THE CATHEDRAL OF COLOGNE :)

THE CATHEDRAL OF COLOGNE

The cathedral of cologne its the tallest cathedral of Europe.

Is my favourite cathedral because i went there and it socked me a lot.

The design of Cologne Cathedral was based quite closely on that of Amiens Cathedral in terms of ground plan, style and the width to height proportion of the central nave. The plan is in the shape of a Latin Cross, as is usual with Gothic cathedrals. It has two aisles on either side, which help to support one of the very highest Gothic vaults in the world, being nearly as tall as that of the Beauvais Cathedral, much of which collapsed. Externally the outward thrust of the vault is taken up by flying buttresses in the French manner. The eastern end has a single ambulatory, the second aisle resolving into a chevet of seven radiating chapels.
Internally, the medieval choir is more varied and less mechanical in its details than the 19th century building. It presents a French style arrangement of very tall arcade, a delicate narrow triforium gallery lit by windows and with detailed tracery merging with that of the windows above. The clerestory windows are tall and retain some old figurative glass in the lower sections. The whole is united by the tall shafts that sweep unbroken from the floor to their capitals at the spring of the vault. The vault is of plain quadripartite arrangement.
The choir retains a great many of its original fittings, including the carved stalls, which is made the more surprising by the fact that French Revolutionary troops had desecrated the building. A large stone statue of St Christopher looks down towards the place where the earlier entrance to the cathedral was, before its completion in the late 19th century..The nave has many 19th century stained glass windows. A set of five on the south side is called the Bayernfenster, and were a gift from Ludwig I of Bavaria, and strongly represent the painterly German style of that date.Externally, particularly from a distance, the building is dominated by its huge spires, which are entirely Germanic in character, being openwork like those of Ulm, Vienna, Strasbourg and Regensburg Cathedrals.

The cathedral of cologne its the tallest cathedral of Europe.

Is my favourite cathedral because i went there and it socked me a lot

by:maria castillo 2B

 Javier Parera 2ºB


                          THE CATHEDRAL OF BURGOS

 Santa church basilic cathedral Santa María of Bugosconstruction  started in 1221 by Fernando III. It was consagrated on 1260

 the gothic temple has got a latin cross it wide is 11 meter and it hight 25 
Its cruciform floorplan, with a 106 meter long nave and wide aisles, is almost hidden, in exterior views, by the fifteen chapels added at all angles to the aisles and transpets, by the beautiful 14th-century cloisters on the northwest and the archipiscopal palace on the southwest. Over the three central doorways of the main or western façade rise the two lofty and graceful towers, crowned by their spires. Many of the altars, chapels and monuments within the cathedral are of artistic and historical interest.

The battle of Covadonga

Hello people! I´m Eva, like my mother is from Asturias and I have visited Covadonga many times, I found interesting this video of the battle of Covadonga and the begining of the reconquest.
bye, bye.
Eva.

im yeray again, sorry for the the before Project i dont no what happend,so im going to talk about the gargoyles.

Gargoyle is an imaginary being , generally represented in stone , which has often grotesque features .
The origin of the gargoyles back to the Middle Ages and is related to the rise of the bestiary and the torments of hell . It is also true that the imagination of medieval artists was paid by even older myths. In fact , the first gargoyles were baptized with the name of ' taps ' , or so showing its classical roots.
Gargoyles meet three basic functions , namely :
Drain the rooftops.
Decorating said drains looking therefore an aesthetic purpose .
A third , based on popular beliefs and legends that serve to drive away the devil and other evil spirits .

this had decorative fuction

this had the fuction to drain the roofs

The Hundred Years´ War

The Hundred Years´ War was an armed conflict that lasted 116 years, between the kingdoms of France and England. This war was feudal root, because its purpose was to resolve who would control the huge accumulated possessions by British monarchs since 1154 in French territories, due to the rise of the English throne Enrique II Plantagenet, earl of Adjou. Finally the British withdrew from the French lands.
Esther Rivier Salinas 2ºA/ESO

Hello my friend Marino! I´m Ptricia :) I´m going to write about the frescoes of Miguel Angel in Sistine Chapel, that are painted in the Vatican City (Italy). The southern wall is decorated with the stories of Moses, painted in 1481-1482 starting from the altar, they include: Moses Leaving to Egypt by Pietro Perugino and assistants The Trials of Moses by Sandro Botticelli and his workshop The Crossing of the Red Sea by Cosimo Rosselli, Domenico Ghirlandaio or Biagio di Antonio Tucci Descent from Mount Sinai by Cosimo Rosselli or Piero di Cosimo Punishment of the Rebels by Sandro Botticelli Testament and Death of Moses by Luca Signorelli or Bartolomeo della Gatta The northern wall represent the Stories of Jesus, dating to 1481–1482. They include: Baptism of Christ by Pietro Perugino and assistants Temptation of Christ by Sandro Botticelli Vocation of the Apostles by Domenico Ghirlandaio The Sermon on the Mount, attributed to Cosimo Rosselli The Delivery of the Keys by Pietro Perugino The Last Supper by Cosimo Rosselli The Eastern wall is painted with the representation of: Resurrection of Christ by Hendrick van den Broeck in 1572 over Domenico Ghirlandaio's original Disputation over Moses' Body by Matteo da Lecce in 1574 over Luca Signorelli's original The Sistine Chapel was originally painted as golden stars on a blue sky.He painted th Last Judgment over tha altar because the Pope Paul III said him. The structure of the chapel consist in a rectangular buildings, Its measurements are for the interior: 40.9 metres long by 13.4 wide. Miguel Angel was intimidated by the sacale of the chapel.

THE ORIGIN OF FEUDALISM

I´ve forgotten to upload the PowerPoint of the Feudalism. But you know all the information copied in your notebook.

SOME OF THE SPANISH GOTHS KINGS Alberto Saez Lopez 2ºB

 Hello every one, I send some of the Spanish Goths Kings.
In total there are 35 kings, from Ataulfo to Rodrigo, who was defeated on the battle of Guadalete. Years ago the Spanish students had to study all the kings.

THE TOLOSANO KINGDOM

Ataúlfo (410-415)
Sigérico (415)
Walia (415-418)
Teodorico I (418-451)
Turismundo (451-453)
Teodorico II (453-466)
Alarico II (484-507)


 THE ARRIAN SPANISH KINGDOM

Gesaleico (507-510)
Amalarico (510-526)
Amalarico (526-534)
Theudis (534-548)
Theudiselo (548-549)
Agila (549-555)
Atanagildo (555-567)
Liuva I (567-568)
Liuva I y Leovigildo (568-571/572)
Leovigildo (571/572-586)

THE CATHOLIC VISIGOTH KINGDOM

Recaredo (586-601)
Liuva II (601-603)
Witérico (603-610)
Gundemaro (610-612)
Sisebuto (612-621)
Recaredo II (621)
Suínthila (621-631)
Sisenando (631-636)
Khíntila (636-639)
Tulga (639-642)
Khindasvinto (642-649)
Khindasvinto y Recesvinto (649-653)
Recesvinto, unique King (653-672)
Wamba (672-680)
Ervigio (680-687)
Egica (687-698/700)
Egica y Witiza (698/700-702)
Witiza unique King (702-710)
Rodrigo (710-711)

GOTHIC AAAAAART !

Hi Students, Sorry for the delay. That´s the PowerPoint Presentation about the Gothic Art. I hope that it´ll be very useful for your hard study.

Look at the images to understand better the concepts.

Alvaro Manzano Medina 2esoA. Cathedral of Leon

Santa Maria cathedral , also called The House of Light or the Pulchra Leonina is situated in the city of Leon north-western Spain. It was built on the site of previous Roman baths of the 2nd century which, 800 years later, king Ordoño ll converted into a palace.
CURRENT STRUCTURE
The León Cathedral, dedicated to Santa Maria de la regla , was declared of Cultural Interest in 1844.

The main façade has two towers. The southern tower is known as the 'clock tower'. The interior represents a combination of architecture, painting, sculpture and other arts.

It has three portals decorated with sculptures situated in the pointed arches between the two towers. The central section has a large rose window.

Its almost 1,800 square meters of stained glass windows are one of the main touristic attractions of the cathedral. The great majority of them are original, which is a rarity, and date from the thirteenth to the fifteenth century. They are among the world's finest stained glass works.

The Cathedral Museum houses a large collection of sacred art.

The Cathedral is also one of the three most important Cathedrals on The Way of Saint James (or in Spanish, El Camino de santiago). Along with The Burgos Cathedral and the Cathedral in Santiago De Compostela, it is visited a lot and it is a holy worshipping place, and very sacred to the people of its city. It is one of the things that makes Leon so famous, and one of the main stops on the camino. There is a little cafe just outside the cathedral that is very busy most of the time because there are many tourists stopping by the cathedral.

HISTORY
   The Roman baths and the first cathedral

Originally, under the current location of the cathedral, the Legio VII Gemina had built the baths, with a size larger than the current building. During the great restorations of the nineteenth century its remains were discovered, and in 1997 others were explored near the south façade.

During the Christian reconquest the ancient Roman baths were converted into a royal palace. King Ordoño ll, who had occupied the throne of Leon in 916, defeated the Arabs in the Batlle of San Esteban de Gormaz in 917. As a sign of gratitude to God for victory, he gave up his palace to build the first cathedral. Under the episcopate of Fruminio II, the building was transformed into a sacred place. The tomb of Ordoño II of Leon, who died in 924, is found in the cathedral.

   The Roman cathedral

With the help of Princess Teresa Urraca of Navarre , sister of the king, the construction of a second cathedral, was started in line with the aspirations of Roman Christianity, and within its architecture. It fell within the Pelayo II episcopal see. Its style was essentially Roman, built in brick and masonry, with three naves finished in semicircular apses, the central one dedicated to Saint Mary, as in the previous church. Although the cathedral was built according to international trends, a close examination of what has survived of its original facade, its originally indigenous nature can be noted. There is still the use of the horseshoe arch, at least decoratively. The cathedral was consecrated on November 10, 1073 during the reign of Alfonso VL. Presumably the same masons who were building the Basilica of San Isodoro of Leon worked on it.

         The Third Cathedral
Construction of the third cathedral began around 1205, but construction problems with the foundation soon caused the work to be paralyzed, and the task not to resume until 1255 under the pontificate of Bishop Martín Fernández with the support of King Alfonso X the wise of Castile and León. This was an entirely new cathedral of Gothic style. The architect of the cathedral seems to have been the master Enrique, perhaps a native of France, who had previously worked on the Cathedral of Burgos. Clearly, he knew the Gothic architectural form of the Isle of France. He died in 1277 and was replaced by the Spaniard Juan Perez. In 1289, Bishop Martín Fernández was also dying when the front of the temple was already open for worship. The basic structure of the cathedral was finished soon, and in 1302 Bishop Gonzalo Osorio opened the whole church to the faithful. However, during the fourteenth century the cloister, the north end tower were at last to be finished, and the south tower was not completed until the second half of the fifteenth century. This relative promptness in the works gives great unity to the architecture.

Legends about Alhambra palace

The legend is about the main door in the Alhamba Palace in Granada, there's a hand and below there is a kind of key, like this

"The legend states that if the hand catch and holds the key Alhambra palace will disappear, and there will be the final of the world"

Why does the alhambra is called like that?

Because in spanish we translate as "Fortaleza Roja". because the alhambra at night has a red colour, and in the past they dont use streetlights, they use torches, and does why the alhambra is called like that. Alhambra is a muslim word, so if someone ask you about this you know what you have to explain. Here you have more legends about Alhambra palace: http://granadapedia.wikanda.es/wiki/Leyendas_de_la_Alhambra

by Miguel Pérez 2ºB

ACT OF HOMENAGE

   ACT OF HOMAGE

• This consist in the ceremony on the Middle Ages that a in which a feudal lord or a vassal peldged reverence and submission to his King or feudal lord, receiving in exchange the symbolic title to his new position .

•  Phases of homage ceremony:

                          1) Inmixto Manum 

                                -The vassal puts his hands between to the hand of his future lord and declares to want to be his vassal. The words that pronounces are:"Lord, I am your man"

                                     2)Oath of Fealty
                                         -The vassal swore obedience to the king upon a holy object.            Like a bible.
                                    
                                     3)Investidure:
                                            -The king gave to the vassal a fief.
                                            -The king touched the vassal´s shoulders with a sword.

                 By: Rodrigo Díaz             

THE BLACK DEATH BY CARLOTA RUIZ

Hey Students! I´m going to upload the PowerPoint Presentation created by Carlota Ruiz, because, she couldn´t. It´s a very interesting resume  about the Black Death with a brilliant explanation. I hope you enjoy it! Good Monday and Good Luck for this exams-week ;)

Feudalism was a combination of political and military POWERS IN MEDIEVAL EUROPE Between 9 and 15 CENTENNIAL


HELLO I AM ALVARO GARCIA SELAS 2A AND I TALK ABOUT THE ORIGIN OF FEUDALISM

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalism

ORIGIN OF FEUDALISM

HELLO I AM ALVARO GARCIA SELAS

I TALK ABOUT THE ORIGIN OF FEUDALISM

Feudalism was a combination of political and military POWERS IN MEDIEVAL EUROPE Between 9 and 15 CENTENNIAL

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalism

Hello, I´m Pablo de Miguel and I´m going to talk about the Black Death:

The Black Death was one of the most devastating pandemics in human history, resulting in the deaths of an estimated75 to 200 million people and peaking in Europe in the years 1346–53. Although there were several competing theories as to the etiology of the Black Death, analysis of DNA from victims in northern and southern Europe published in 2010 and 2011 indicates that the pathogen responsible was the Yersinia pestis bacterium, probably causing several forms of plague.


The Black Death is thought to have originated in the arid plains of Central Asia, where it then travelled along the Silk Road, reaching Crimea by 1343. From there, it was most likely carried by Oriental rat fleas living on the black rats that were regular passengers on merchant ships. Spreading throughout the Mediterranean and Europe, the Black Death is estimated to have killed 30–60% of Europe's total population. In total, the plague reduced the world population from an estimated 450 million down to 350–375 million in the 14th century. The world population as a whole did not recover to pre-plague levels until the 17th century. The plague recurred occasionally in Europe until the 19th century.

I got this information from wikipedia.

Catholic monarch's banner By: Fernando Sanchez and Daniel Rabinad 2º B

This is the banner of the Catholic monarchs, the information below is extracted from Wikipedia: https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estandarte_del_rey_de_Espa%C3%B1a, and it has been translated by us.

The banner of weapon of the Catholic Monarchs, from 1475, consisted of a crimson cloth with the weapon mutinies of Castile (of gules, and a golden castle) and Leon (of silver and lion purple, golden tonsured priest); with those of Aragon (of gold and four sticks (woods) of gules) and Naples - Sicily (party (game) and flanked, chief and tops of gold and four sticks (woods) of gules, flanks of silver and an eagle of saber, crowned with gold)

In 1492 was added the emblem of the Kingdom of Granada (of silver and a grenade to the native, crushed of gules, carved and with two leaves (sheets) of sinople). This  was also used by the Infantry of the Catholic Monarchs.

WHY SYRIA?

Buenos días chic@s, como ya os he comentado alguna ocasión en clase, hay un vídeo en el que se explica perfectamente y muy claro a través de mapas el conflicto Sirio. Espero que os sirva de ayuda, para resolver algunas dudas y para entender perfectamente lo que está ocurriendo en el mundo en estos momentos, tanto por el tema de los refugiados, como la guerra que se está librando a diario en territorio Sirio, además del grupo terrorista ISIS y sus últimos atentados recientes.

Caliphate of Cordoba

Hi everyone, this is some information I found os the caliphate of Cordoba: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba

The Caliphate of Córdoba  was a state in Islamic Iberia ruled by theUmayyad dynasty along with a part of North Africa. The state, with the capital in Córdoba, existed from 929 to 1031. The region was formerly dominated by the Umayyad Emirate of Córdoba (756–929). The period was characterized by an expansion of trade and culture, and saw the construction of masterpieces of al-Andalus architecture. In January 929, Abd-ar-Rahman III proclaimed himself caliph of Córdoba in place of his original title, Emir of Córdoba  'Amīr Qurṭuba). Abd-ar-Rahman III was a member of theUmayyad dynasty, which had held the title of Emir of Córdoba since 756.

The caliphate disintegrated during a civil war (the Fitna of al-Andalus) between the descendants of the last caliph, Hisham II, and the successors of his hayib, Al-Mansur. In 1031, after years of infighting, the caliphate fractured into a number of independent Muslim taifa (kingdoms).

Martin Mateos Gamez 2ºA

Alicia García García (2ºA) and Teresa García García (2ºB)

Oedipus the King

Oedipus the King was an Athenian tragedy by Sophocles.

It is about a king called Laius. Ones, a prophecy told him that his son was going to kill him so he left his son in the forest. Shortly after, the king of Corinth rescue him and called him: Oedipus. The prophecy said that he was going to kill his father so he left Corinth without knowing he was adopted. During his trip he met with his father, the king Laius. He thought it was a robber so Oedipus killed him and the prophecy was fulfilled. He continued his journey, he found a sphinx. It ate all the people that didn´t know its riddle. Oedipus solved the riddle and the sphinx committed suicide. For this, he was rewarded by marrying the wife or the ancient king, his mother called Jocasta. They had children and also the lived happily until they discovered that Oedipus killed his father and married his wife. Jocasta committed a suicided and Oedipus ripped his eyes out and he was exiled.

It is a very interesting story, but the important thing is the riddle of the sphinx:

"What goes on four feet in the morning, two feet at noon, and three feet in the evening?"

Oedipus answered that was the man. This refers to the three stages of the life: the morning, the noon and the evening. That means that when we are children we walk on four legs, when we are adults we walk on two feet and when we are older we use a cane.

But there is another version of the story where the riddle was:

“What goes on two feet in the morning, four in the noon and three in the evening?”

The answer of this riddle was Oedipus, because at the beginning he was a normal man ( two feet), then when he killed his father and married his mother he reduced at the level of an animal (4 legs), at the end when he ripped his eyes out he needed to use a cane ( three legs).

I hope you like it !  Aitana Soria 2ºA

Attila the Hun

Hi everybody, this is some information I found of Attila the Hun. I got it from this webpage: http://www.history.com/topics/atilla

Attila was the most important king of the Huns. He was a strong and powerful leader. The Huns lived in the Great Hungarian Plain, and they controlled the northern frontier of the Roman Empire.

Attila became king of the huns in 435 and he ruled until his death in 453. By the time Attila ruled the kingdom, they were no longer a nomadic tribe. They settled down in Hungary and they developed an infantry army.

Attila visited the Pope in Northern Italy when the Western Roman Empire was on the verge of its collapse. People say that St. Peter and St. Paul appeared to Attila and threatened him with death if he ignored what the Pope told him. He decided to withdraw from Italy because his troops were suffering from disease and running short of supplies. Attila decided to abandon the invasion and Italy was saved.

Attila died the next year from a nosebleed while celebrating his marriage. Attila left no strong leader to replace him when he died, so the Huns quickly disappeared from history.

So, what do you guys think? Did you know all of this about Attila the Hun? Do you think it is normal to die from a nosebleed?

Gabriel Stover 2ºB

POWER POINT PRESENTATION: CLERGY ORGANIZATION, CRUSADES AND ROMANASQUE ART